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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Abrasion Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Scottellia coriacea Trade Name Odoko Family Name Flacourtiaceae Common Names Akossika, Ashante, Benarbinekele, Bilohg-bi-nkele, Emwenfuohai, Ewe, Koroko, Korokon, Koronkon, Kruku, Lakpa, Nemor bode, Ngobisolo, Odoko, Okoko, Tiabutuo, Wassau Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Common Uses Bent Parts, Brush backs & handles, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Fine furniture, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Model airplanes, Moldings, Office furniture, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Sporting Goods, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tables, Tool handles, Toys, Trimming, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting, Wardrobes Environmental Profile Vulnerable Secure within most of its natural growth range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Status in Ivory Coast has been classified as Vulnerable Distribution Overview The species occurs in West Africa, from Liberia to southern Nigeria. It grows in evergreen, lowland rain forests, and is often found on stream banks in small stands. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Green Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown White to cream Pale yellow to pale tan, with darker streaks Pale red to pink Brown Dark or gray veining may occasionally be present in the core area. Sapwood Color Grey Same as heartwood Paler than heartwood Not clearly differentiated from the heartwood May be up to 4 inches (10 cm) in width Grain Straight Interlocked Figure Distinct (figure) Other (figure) Even Straight Interlocked Distinct figure Other figure Broad stripe on quartersawn surfaces Occasionally interlocked, but not always Generally straight, but not always Figure shows rays Broad rays produce an attractive 'silver-grain' figure on quartersawn surfaces Texture Coarse Medium Fine Luster Low Lustrous Natural Durability Perishable Non-durable Non-resistant to termites Non durable Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Perishable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Susceptible to attack by termites and pinhole borers Poor weathering properties Odor Has an odor Kiln Schedules UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 T3D1 Fr=5 Drying (speed) is fast United Kingdom(1)/T6-D2(4/4) T6-D2(4/4) T3-D1(8/4)Us Schedule E(4/4) T3-D1(8/4) US Schedule E (4/4) Kiln Schedule E (4/4) United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying Defects Internal Honeycombing Possible Distortion Moderate end spitting Moderate surface checking Slight twist/warp Severe end splitting Warping is negligible Tendency to split, surface-check and end-checl during drying Severe surface checking No twisting or warping Knots remain sound Extension of existing shakes may also occur Blue-stain is liable to occur during kiln drying Ease of Drying Slowly Easy Shrinkage from Green to 12%MC, Radial-2.5%, Tangential-5.0% Fairly easy Kiln Drying Rate Kiln drying rate (green to 12% mc) is rapid, typically from less than 10 days for a board under 32 mm, to less than 30 days for a board 63 mm and thicker. Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is fluted Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 60-70 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm It develops straight boles that are slightly fluted at the base. Product Sources The ITTO reports that the species has the potential to be a source of valuable timber. Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Moderate Blunting effect on machining is moderate Slight blunting effect on cutting tools Boring Fairly easy to very easy Difficult Easy Bored surfaces are usually clean Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Carves well in dry condition Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Saws well Low resistance to cutting Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Good gluing properties Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good mortising properties Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good finishing results Good moulding properties Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Excellent Stability - Small Movement Medium Small Medium movement in service Nailing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Difficult to nail Possible if prebored Tends to split during nailing Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planes well, to a good finish Planed surfaces are generally clean Good response to planing operations Easy to plane Resistance to Abrasion Suitable for use as flooring material Good resistance to wear Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Permeable sapwood Heartwood is permeable Sapwood is permeable Heartwood and sapwood are treatable with preservatives Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to Work Easy to machine Moderate working qualities Responds well to hand tools Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Material responds well to moulding operations Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Yields relatively smooth surfaces Good sanding properties Screwing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing yields good results Good screw-holding characteristics Easy to screw Turning Turns well with ordinary tools Easy to turn Bores readily with ordinary tools, with very good results Veneering Qualities Easy to cut No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Suitable for slicing Diifficult to veneer Steam Bending Fair to Good Results Very poor Poor Poor steam bending qualities Polishing Satisfactory results Polishes and finishes well Staining Very Good to Excellent Results Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = small Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Bending strength (MOR) = high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = low Work to Maximum Load Toughness (total work) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Resists wearing, denting and marring fairly well Max. crushing strength = low Heavy Hardness (side grain) = medium Density=High Compression strength (parallel to grain)=very high Much stronger than Teak in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 11439 16787 psi Density 41 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1137 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 5866 9081 psi Shearing Strength 1998 psi Stiffness 1685 1928 1000 psi Toughness 167 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 11 12 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.55 Weight 41 40 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 804 1180 kg/cm2 Density 657 kg/m3 Hardness 515 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 412 638 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 140 kg/cm2 Stiffness 118 135 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 192 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.77 0.84 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.55 Weight 657 641 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % References Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45 Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153 Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, Nigeria,1965,Nigerian Timbers for Matchmaking,Nigeria Fed. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan, Forest Products,Research Laboratory Report No.5 Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFT Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board Guiscafre, J.,1977,Akossika (Scottellia sp.,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.172,pp27-31 HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France. Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees . Clarendon Press, Oxford. Keay, R.W.J., et al,1960,Nigerian Trees Vol.1,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Kryn, J.M.,1954,Information Leaflet Foreign Woods-Odoko (Scottellia coriacea,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,Report, No. 1973 Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5 Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Sandermann, W., Feht, F.,1955,Some chemical and technological investigations on the wood of Agba,Translated by the Timber Dev. Assoc. Ltd from Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff,1955 13(8) 292-301. Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Croton macrostachys (Mutundu,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA] Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya