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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Scorodocarpus borneensis Trade Name Kulim Family Name Olacaceae Common Names Ansam, Bawang, Bawang hutan, Bawang utan, Buwanghutan, Cepeluk, Forest garlic, Jaui, Kasino, Kayu bawang, Kudar, Kudur, Kulim, Kulium, Madudu, Marsindu, Merca, Rengon, Sedau, Selaru, Seluru, Sinduk, Sinoh, Terdu, Ungsanah Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Indonesia, Malaysia Common Uses Agricultural implements, Barge fenders, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Canoes, Construction, Crossties, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Excelsior, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Lifeboats, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Naval architecture, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Raft floats, Rafts, Railroad ties, Roofing, Shipbuilding, Sills, Sporting Goods, Structural work, Sub-flooring, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction, Windows Environmental Profile Secure within most of its natural growth range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Secure, including some regions in Malaysia Distribution Overview This species occurs throughout the lowland forests in Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. It is described as occasionally gregarious. Heartwood Color Brown White Pink Purple Dark brown Reddish brown Brown, red, dark reddish brown with nearly black stripes after prolonged exposure Silver flecks Greenish to greyish Darkens after prolonged exposure Dark red brown to purple brown Brown There may be a red-brown intermediate zone between heartwood and sapwood Sapwood Color Brown Yellow Pink White to yellow Pinkish Well defined Paler than heartwood Light yellow and may have a transitional red-brown region Grain Figure Interlocked Stripe (figure) Even Closed Wavy Other (figure) Straight Interlocked Striped figure Wavy Straight Shallowly to deeply interlocked Other figure Texture Coarse Fine to medium Fine Moderately fine Medium Luster Dull Slightly lustrous Lustrous Low Natural Growth Defects Yellowish deposits in vessels Whitish deposits in vessels Latex or other ducts Natural Durability Durable Moderately durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from marine borers Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Very durable Durable Susceptible to attack by forest longhorn beetle Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Resistant to wood staining fungal attack Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Non durable Moderately resistant to marine borer attack Moderately resistant to decay Moderately resistant to attack by termites Good resistance to marine borer attack Fairly durable under cover Odor Strong garlic smell when freshly-cut, and peppery smell after it dries No specific taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying Defects Distortion Severe end splitting Moderate end spitting No twisting or warping No cupping, generally Moderate surface checking Generally free from spring and bow Common drying degrade is large radial splits Ease of Drying Thick Stock Requires Care Rapidly Fairly Easy Easy Air dries fairly rapidly Kiln Drying Rate Kiln drying rate (green to 12% mc) is rapid, typically from less than 10 days for a board under 32 mm, to less than 30 days for a board 63 mm and thicker. Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 40-50 m Tree height is 50-60 m Blunting Effect Little Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Easy Moderately easy Difficult Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Responds readily to carving operations Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Fairly easy to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Good gluing properties Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Finishes well Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Nailing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Possible if prebored Nails hold poorly Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planes well, to a good finish Ease of planing is moderate Works without too much difficulty in planing, moulding, boring, turning and most operations Quality of worked surfaces depend upon degree of grain interlocking Easy to plane Difficult to plane Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Heartwood is resistant Heartwood is moderately resistant Sapwood is permeable Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is fairly resistant to termites and other insects Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to machine Stock without deeply interlocked grain is fairly easy to work Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Good sanding finish Screwing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turns with moderate ease Poor results Finish is generally satisfactory Easy to turn Good results Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Suitable for slicing Diifficult to veneer Steam Bending Tends to Degrade Poor to Very Poor Results Polishing Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Poor results Staining Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Max. crushing strength = medium Max. crushing strength = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Weight=High Resists wearing, denting and marring fairly well Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Density=High Crushing strength = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9875 14389 psi Density 53 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1531 lbs Impact Strength 26 28 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 5979 8304 psi Shearing Strength 1323 psi Stiffness 1831 2080 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.66 Weight 52 40 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 13 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 694 1011 kg/cm2 Density 849 kg/m3 Hardness 694 kg Impact Strength 65 71 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 420 583 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 93 kg/cm2 Stiffness 128 146 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.66 Weight 833 641 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Balan Menon, P.K.,1958,Uses of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 21(1) pp34-44 Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318 Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Grewal, G.S.,1979,Air seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers,Malaysia Forestry Department, Forest Service, Trade Leaflet No.41 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Jackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48 Kartasujana, I., Martawijaya, A.,1973,Commercial Woods of Indonesia,Forest Products Research Institute, Department Pertanian, Bogor Indonesia,Report No.3 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Lee, Y.H., Chu, Y.P.,1965,The Strength Properties of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 28(4) pp307-19 Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210 Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry Board Menon, K.D.,1958,Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post,Beetle,Attack,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet,no.27 Perrot, E.,1921,Les Bois du Gabon,Larose Paris Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature Bureau Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73 Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia Walker, F.S.,1941,Resistance of Timbers to Marine Borer Attack,Malayan Forester 10(4) pp145-9 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Whitmore, T.C.,1973,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 2,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia Wong, T.M.,1982,A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers,Malaysia Forest Department, Malayan Forest Records No.30