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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Silica Content Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Anisoptera curtisii Trade Name Palosapis Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Balau, Bayott, Bella rosa, Benchaloi, Dagang, Dagum, Duali, Ginsek, Kabaak thong, Kaban kaunghmu, Kaban-kaunghmu, Kagu pengiran, Kalamansanai, Kaunghmu, Keruing kuching, Keruing kucing, Krabaak, Krabaak daeng, Krabaak thong, Krabak, Krabak thong, Malagangau, Malai, Malangangau, Malapaho, Malopaho, Manapo, Masawe, Mascal wood, Mayapis, Mentasawa, Merakunyit, Mersaura paya, Mersawa, Mersawa kuning, Mersawa kunyit, Mesawa, Nengkong, Palosapis, Pik, Rengkong, Sanai, Tabaak, Ven ven Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Beams, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boxes and crates, Canoes, Ceiling, Construction, Door, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Millwork, Musical instruments , Packing cases, Planks, Plywood, Posts, Rafters, Railroad ties, Sheathing, Vehicle parts, Veneer Environmental Profile Abundant/Secure Generally widespread, secure, and abundant within most of its range Distribution Overview Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam. A large tree of semi-evergreen dipterocarp, evergreen and humid lowland forest that occurs on land which is at a premium for conversion to crops. In some areas it is an exceptionally rare tree and in the Philippines it is known from only one collection. It is a major commercial timber species and is used for general construction, veneer and plywood. Heartwood Color Yellow Brown Orange Red Black Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Dark brown Yellow - light Red Light buff to yellowish brown Darkens slightly upon exposure Brown Longitudinal surfaces are describes as typically featureless Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown Red Green/Grey Green Paler than heartwood White to yellow Seldom distinct from heartwood, especially when the wood is green Discoloration by the sap-stain fungi sometimes define the sapwood clearly Grain Interlocked Distinct (figure) Figure Even Straight Interlocked Distinct figure Straight to interlocked Quartered surfaces are reported to exhibit a silver grain figure and a slight stripe produced by the broad rays Texture Medium Coarse Fine Even or uniform Uniform Medium to coarse Coarse Moderately coarse Fine Fine to medium Even textured Luster Low Dull Low Natural Durability Susceptible to insect attack Moderately durable Durable Non-durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Non-resistant to termites Perishable Moderately durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Non durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Durable Susceptible to termite attack Susceptible to attack by fungi Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log Dries rather slowly. Prone to sap-stain Odor No specific smell or taste Silica Content High Siliceous Likely to have significant impact on machining Contains high levels of silica (> 0.5% of dry weight) Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 T6-D4(4/4);T3-D1(8/4) US Schedule E; United Kingdom Careful and accurate determination of initial moisture content is highly recommended befoe kiln-drying Drying Defects Distortion Discoloration Checking Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Very little degrade in the form of slight distortion Highly prone to sap-stain in the initial stages of drying Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Slowly Difficult Prolonged conditioning period and regular moisture content checks control variable drying rates Easy Dries very slowly especially the core of thicker materials Drying rate varies considerably within the species of Anisoptera. Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bole length is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Tree height is 40-50 m Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 50-60 m Tree height is 60-70 m Bark width is 20-25 mm Bole length is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm Boles are usually cylindrical and straight. Some Anisoptera trees are buttressed. Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect High to severe Blunting effect on machining is severe Cutting edges dull rapidly and severely because of interlocked grain and silica content Boring Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Saw teeth dull rather rapidly Narrow bandsawing requires an increased tooth pitch Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good gluing properties Easy to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Good finishing results Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Moderate dimensional stability after seasoning Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Easy to nail Good nail holding properties Planing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended for best results Planes well, to a good finish Fibrous surfaces are common, especially with dull cutters Fairly clean surfaces are possible with sharp cutters Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is resistant Moderately resistant to preservative treatment Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Rather difficult to work with hand tools due to interlocked grain and silica content Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good screwing properties Easy to screw Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly easy to work in most machining operations to produce a smooth finish Cutters tend to dull rather severely Carbide tipped tools are recommended Veneering Qualities Suitable for slicing Sliced for veneers Steam Bending Exudation Tends to Degrade Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Timber tends to buckle severely, even when supported and steaming is accompanied by high resin exudation Poor steam bending characteristics Polishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory polishing characteristics Staining Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Stains satisfactorily after surface preparation Strength Properties Resistance to shock loads=low Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Density of timber from Burma is lower than average for the species. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7830 15040 psi Density 42 lbs/ft3 Hardness 858 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 3935 7489 psi Stiffness 1624 1989 1000 psi Toughness 302 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.47 0.52 Weight 41 34 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Volumetric Shrinkage 15 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 550 1057 kg/cm2 Density 673 kg/m3 Hardness 389 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 276 526 kg/cm2 Stiffness 114 139 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 347 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.47 0.52 Weight 657 544 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % References Ashton, P.S.,1964,A manual of the Dipterocarp trees of Brunei State,O.U.P. London Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Fundter, J.M.,1982,Names for Dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia,Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993 Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Lumberman, 12(5):A-H Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California Menon, P.K.B.,1959,The wood anatomy of Malayan timbers: commercial timbers, 3. Light,hardwoods,Malaysian Forest Research Institute Kepong, Research Pamplet, No. 27. Palosapis plywood is not recommended for concrete shuttering since it is reported to adversely affect the setting of concrete. Plywood Properties Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.