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Blunting Effect Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Silica Content Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities Weathering		Scientific Name Anisoptera costata Trade Name Mersawa Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Ansiopi, Armaniuri, Asomba, Bak, Baligan, Baoti, Baripung, Baurai, Berua, Cha wa ta pho, Chengal, Damar kelasi, Damar ketimpun, Damar lilin, Damar mata kuching, Damar miharo, Damar tingkis, Doka, Entenam, Gawi, Jamar, Kabaak khok, Kaban, Kaban kaunghmu, Kakan, Kansiopi, Kaunghmu, Kedao, Kenyau, Ketimpun, Kokadaka, Kora, Kra-bak, Krabak, Krabak daeng, Krabak dam, Mansiuri, Marlangat, Mascalwood, Meranti kawan, Merayo, Merbani, Merlangsat, Merluang lauh, Mersaw daun lebar, Mersawa, Mersawa kesat, Mersawa merah, Mesawa, Mi dang wa, Mindanao, Palosapis, Pedu kalui, Pengiran, Pengirin kesat, Penogran, Perapat hutan, Phdiek, Phdiek kraham, Punyau, Sampean, Sitairak, Suri, Tabaak, Tairak, Taire, Tairi, Tampudau, Tampurau, Tenam, Tukam, Ven van trang, Ven ven, Ven ven xanth, Venven, Vin vin, Von ven, Von-ven, weru Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Beams, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Clogs, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Moldings, Particleboard, Plywood, Railroad ties, Tool handles, Toys, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Windows Environmental Profile Abundant/Secure Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. Distribution Overview Usually found in dry evergreen forests, scattered all over the countryside along depressions and along valleys of low hill ranges. Elevation is generally around 500m. Known to occur in Thailand. Heartwood Color Yellow Brown Orange Red Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Brown Red Light buff to yellowish brown Darkens slightly upon exposure Sapwood Color Yellow White Brown White to yellow Well defined Same as heartwood Pale yellow Not always clearly demarcated from heartwood Discoloration from sap-stain fungal infection may abnormally define sapwood from heartwood Normal width is about 2 inches (5 cm). Grain Interlocked Straight Even Crossed Spiral Figure Weak (figure) Interlocked Straight Weak figure Spiral grain occasionally Moderately to severely interlocked Broad rays produce silver grain on quartersawn surfaces Texture Coarse Medium Even or uniform Uniform Medium to coarse Coarse Medium Even textured Luster Medium Low Non-lustrous Lustrous Dull Natural Growth Defects Piped heart is occasionally present in large logs Gum/resin exudation Natural Durability Moderately durable Susceptible to insect attack Non-durable Resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to powder post beetles Non-resistant to termites Perishable Moderately durable Non durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to termite attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log Moderately resistant to marine borer attack Moderately resistant to attack by marine borers Moderate weathering properties Weathering Good Odor No specific taste Distinctive resinous odor Silica Content Siliceous High Moderate silica contact Likely to have significant impact on machining Contains high levels of silica (> 0.5% of dry weight) Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed T6-D4(4/4);T3-D1(8/4) US Schedule E; United Kingdom Care is needed to accurately measure moisture content for kilning Drying Defects Checking Distortion Discoloration Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Wet pockets may also cause uneven variations in drying rate Susceptible to sap-stain during air-drying Slight warping and checking may occur during drying Ease of Drying Slowly Fairly Easy Dries slowly from the green conditin without severe degrade Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Tree height is 40-50 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Tree height is 60-70 m Bole length is 20-30 m Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Sapwood width is 10-15 cm Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 50-60 m Bark width is 30-40 mm Bole length is 30-40 m Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 10-20 m Product Sources The ITTO reports that timber production from this species is in low quantities. Exports are more or less regular. Exportation of the timber from Cameroon is prohibited. Certified Source Certified Source Comments Retards the setting of cement and should not be used for shuttering concrete Blunting Effect High to severe Blunting effect on sawing green wood is severe Capable of dulling cutting edges rapidly and severely, depending upon silica amount Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Fairly difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult The wood has been found to be fairly difficult to saw especially when interlocked grain is present. Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Glues well Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory moulding results Very sharp cutting edges are required to produce a smooth surface Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Excellent Stability - Small Movement Stable Retains shape well after seasoning Medium Good dimensional stability and shows little movement in use Nailing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Holds nails well Good nailing characteristics Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planes to a satisfactory finish Reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended for best results Planes fairly cleanly Dulls cutting edges rapidly due to silica content Difficult to plane Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Permeable sapwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is permeable Resistance to preservative treatment varied from moderate to very resistant Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to Work Moderate working qualities Easy to work with hand tools except when interlocked grain is present Dulls cutting edges rapidly due to silica content Sanding Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Responds well to sanding operations Produces clean surfaces Good sanding finish Screwing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Screwing yields satisfactory results Holds screws well Easy to screw Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to turn Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Suitable for slicing Veneers moderately easy Veneers easily Difficult to veneer Good gluing qualities No steaming needed during bolt preparation. Suitable for peeling Moderately easy to veneer Drying degrade is moderate to severe, with collapse, buckles, and splits Steam Bending Poor to Very Poor Results Poor steam bending characteristics Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Good finishing characteristics Fairly good polishing characteristics Staining Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Stains satisfactorily after surface preparation Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low High in density Heavy Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = high It compares favorably with Teak, which also has high bending strength. Some familiar species with high crushing strength parallel to grain include Hard maple, Teak, and White oak Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6888 10620 psi Density 40 lbs/ft3 Maximum Crushing Strength 3883 6599 psi Shearing Strength 1528 psi Stiffness 1346 1573 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.51 0.52 Weight 38 30 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 15 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 484 746 kg/cm2 Density 641 kg/m3 Maximum Crushing Strength 273 463 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 107 kg/cm2 Stiffness 94 110 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.51 0.52 Weight 608 480 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Ashton, P.S.,1964,A manual of the Dipterocarp trees of Brunei State,O.U.P. London Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Eddowes, P. J. 1961. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses. Office of Forests, Papua New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France Fundter, J.M.,1982,Names for Dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia,Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. Martawijaya, A. (Ed.,1978,Timbers used for the ship building industry in Indonesia,Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Bogor, Indonesia, Laporan No.109 Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-Indonesia Meijer, W., Wood, G.H.S.,1964,Dipterocarps of Sabah (North Borneo,Sabah Forest Department, Forest Record No.5