Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Size Turning		Scientific Name Salix fragilis Trade Name Crack Willow Family Name Salicaceae Common Names Crack willow, Sauce, Skorpil, Willow Regions of Distribution Eastern Europe, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Switzerland, United Kingdom Common Uses Artificial limbs Baskets Boxes and crates Charcoal Cooperages Decorative veneer Flooring Flooring: industrial heavy traffic Interior trim Marquetry Paneling Plywood Toys Environmental Profile Rather secure within its natural growth range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Abundant Distribution Overview Crack willow is native to Europe and western Asia, but has naturalized in North America, from Newfoundland to Virginia, west to Kansas, and north to North Dakota. It is usually found on roadsides, along streams and in clearings. It prefers moist soils. Heartwood Color Yellow White Orange Pale red to pink White to cream White pinkish Sapwood Color White to yellow Whitish Grain Straight Even Straight Texture Coarse Medium Fine Even textured Natural Durability Perishable Non-durable Perishable Non durable The heartwood is non-durable and is susceptible to attack by insects. The sapwood is vulnerable to attack by the powder-post and common furniture beetles. Trees and logs are vulnerable to attack by forest longhorn or Buprestid beetle. Odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 UK=H UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 Drying Defects Distortion Water pockets Ease of Drying Slowly Rapidly Easy Moisture content should be monitored to insure uniformity Dries fairly quickly with minimum degrade Dries at a fairly rapid rate Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Naturally dries quickly Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Little Slight bluting effect on cutting tools Blunting effect on machining is slight Boring Easy, especially when cutters are kept very sharp Carving The operation requires sharp cutting edges for best results Good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw May split severly Low resistance Gluing Easy to glue Excellent gluing properties Mortising To prevent rough surfaces, sharp cutting edges are required in most machining operations, including mortising Moulding The timber responds well to ordinary tools with sharp cutting edges in moulding operations, with very good results Movement in Service Retains its shape well after manufacture Dimensionally stable Nailing Good nailing properties Planing Poor to Very Poor Results Requires sharp cutting edges to prevent fuzzy surfaces Reduced cutting angles recommended Planes and works well with ordinary machine tools Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is resistant Heartwood is highly resistant Sapwood is treatable Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Response to hand tools, with sharp cutting edges, is very good. Routing & Recessing The material responds readily to sharp cutting edges to yield good results in routing operations Sanding Good characteristics Screwing Good screwing properties Turning Sharp cutting edges necessary to prevent woolly surfaces Easy to turn Steam Bending Poor Polishing Satisfactory results High finish Staining Finish is generally satisfactory Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Toughness (total work) = medium Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Weight = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Toughness (total work) = low Surfaces may dent or scratch easily Not hard Density = medium Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Air-Dried condition about 12% moisture content Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 5540 9405 psi Density 27 lbs/ft3 Hardness 637 lbs Impact Strength 33 32 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 1882 3534 psi Shearing Strength 982 psi Stiffness 952 1152 1000 psi Toughness 222 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 8 12 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.34 0.38 Weight 26 25 lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 389 661 kg/cm2 Density 432 kg/m3 Hardness 288 kg Impact Strength 83 81 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 132 248 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 69 kg/cm2 Stiffness 66 80 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 255 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.56 0.84 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.34 0.38 References Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSO HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Laidlaw, W.B.R. 1960. Guide to British Hardwoods. Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London. Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. Little, E.L. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York. Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43 Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 T.D.A.,1942,Timber Leaflet - No.67 Willow,TRADA Timber Leaflet WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.