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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Rhizophora mangle Trade Name Mangle Colorado Family Name Rhizophoraceae Common Names African mangrove, Ak elel, Apareiba, Atrati, Black mangrove, Candel, Candelon, Kakutiru, Mangel tan, Mangle, Mangle caballeto, Mangle colorado, Mangle de chifle, Mangle dulce, Mangle gateador, Mangle geli, Mangle injerto, Mangle pecho de pava, Mangle rojo, Mangle roso, Mangle salado, Mangle zapatero, Manglegeli, Mangro, Mangrove, Mangue, Mangue bravo, Mangue sapateiro, Mangue vermelho, Mangué sapateiro, Ntand, Paletuvier, Paletuvier rouge, Pulapul, Purgua, Red mangrove, Woto Regions of Distribution Africa, Central America, Latin America, North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Angola, Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Columbia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gabon, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Liberia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico [US], Puerto Rico, Senegal, Suriname, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Venezuela Common Uses Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Canoes, Charcoal, Chemical derivatives, Construction, Cooperages, Crossties, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Lifeboats, Light construction, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Piling, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Tannin, Tool handles, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction Environmental Profile Endangered Abundant/Secure Rank of relative endangerment based on number of occurences globally. May be rare in some parts of its range Demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure globally Data source is Nature Conservancy Heartwood Color White Pink Red Reddish brown Pale red to pink Red Purple Dark brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Brown Dark brown Initially light red in color, but it deepens to dark red or reddish brown, sometimes with a purple cast. The wood has a superficial resemblance to Black cherry (Prunus serotina ). Sapwood Color White Yellow White to yellow Well defined Different than heartwood Pinkish The sapwood is yellowish, pinkish, or grayish near the bark and turns towards darker shades of pink as it merges into the heartwood. It is reported to typically account for half or more of the log's volume, except in very mature trees. Grain Figure Straight Other (figure) Stripe (figure) Even Interlocked Straight Other figure Striped figure Interlocked Normally straight Irregular occasionally Stripes occasionally show purple highlights in the darker bands. Texture Fine Even or uniform Uniform Fine Fine to medium Similar to that of Black cherry Luster Slightly lustrous Non-lustrous Natural Durability Perishable Very durable Non-durable Durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Very durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately durable Resistant to wood staining fungal attack Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from marine borers Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Heartwood resistant to decay Heartwood susceptible to attack by marine borers and dry-wood termites. Odor Has an odor No specific smell or taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Dry at a moderate speed Drying Defects Uneven Moisture Content Moderate twist/warp Moderate surface checking Moderate end spitting Warping can be expected Surface checks Severe twisting/warping Severe surface checking End checks Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Rapidly Thick Stock Requires Care Reconditioning Treatement Moderately Difficult to Difficult Easy Difficult Degrade can be severe Air dries moderately easy High tangential to radial shrinkage ratio may also contribute to high drying stresses. Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries quickly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is unknown Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 10-20 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Clear logs that are 30 to 40 feet (9 to 12 m) long, are harvested occasionally, although this is very infrequent, since the tree often develops several low branches to compete for available sunlightThe trees, which are borne on aerial roots, are reported to often form impenetrable thickets. Product Sources Regenerates readily and is still plentiful within its growth range, despite recent destruction of parts of its habitat by real estate developers in southern Florida. Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory The bark of the tree is reported to contain high levels of tannin (30% of ovendry weight), which is used commercially to process hides and leather Blunting Effect Little Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Difficult to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Excellent Stability - Small Movement Stable Nailing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Possible if prebored Holds nails well Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to plane The material is generally difficult to plane, bore, mould, and work in almost all machining operations because of its high density. Material with straight grain tends to yield smooth, finished surfaces Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Permeable sapwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Difficult to machine Moderate working qualities Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Responds well Screwing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Capable of producing smooth surfaces with scrapers or abrasives The wood is fine-textured and is very suitable for turnery work. Veneering Qualities Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Suitable for peeling No drying degrade Steam Bending Poor to Very Poor Results Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu.ft Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft Max. crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = large Max. crushing strength = very high Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Shrinkage, Radial = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low High in density Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = medium Air-Dried condition about 12% moisture content It is far superior in strength to either Teak or Hard maple. It is very hard, and may be difficult to process with ordinary tools. It is very resistant to wear. It is exceptionally heavy, weighing much more than White oak or Teak Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 16027 24694 psi Density 60 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2705 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 7450 11933 psi Shearing Strength 2493 psi Stiffness 2360 3019 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.87 Weight 59 51 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Volumetric Shrinkage 14 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 1126 1736 kg/cm2 Density 961 kg/m3 Hardness 1226 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 523 838 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 175 kg/cm2 Stiffness 165 212 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.87 Weight 945 817 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % References Acosta-Solis, M.,1959,Los Manglares del Ecuador,Inst. Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales Contribucion,No.29 Acosta-Solis, M.,1960,Maderas Economicas del Ecuador y sus Usos,Editorial Casa de la Culhra Ecuatoriana Quito Arno, J. 1991. Rhizophora mangle - Mangrove. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 313-314. Arroyo, P.,1970,Propiedades y Usos Posibles de los Mangles de la Region del Rio San Juan,en,la Reserva de Guarapiche (Estado Mohagas,Inst. Forestal Latino-Am. de Invest. Venezuala Boletin, No.33-34 Bena, P.,1960,Essences Forestieres de Guyane,Bureau Agricole et Forestier Guyanais Guyana Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Brooks, R.L., et al,1941,Durability tests on Untreated Timbers in Trinidad,Caribbean Forester,2(3,pp101-119 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1 Flores Rodriguez, L.J.,1969,Description Caracteristicas y usos de 25 Maderas tropicales,Mexicanas,Camera Nacional de la Industria de la Construccion Serie Maderas de Mexico Fors, A.J.,1965,Maderas Cubanas,Inst. Nac. Ref. Agraria La Habara Gonzalez Oretega, J.,1934,Candelon - Rhizophora mangle L.,Bole. de Pro-Cultura Regional, Mexico 1(41) pp14-16 Gutierrez Oliva, A., Plaza Pulgar, F.,1967,Caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de las maderas Espanolas. (Physical and,mechanical properties of Spanish timbers.,Min.Agric./Dir.Gen Montes/Instituto Forestral de Investigaciones,y,Experiencias, Madrid pp102 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees . Clarendon Press, Oxford. Lamb, G.N.,1956,Foreign Woods - Jelutong (Dyera lowii) and Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle,Wood and Wood Products 61(3) p33 Little, E.L., Wadsworth, F.H.,1964,Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.249 Little, E.L.,1948,A Collection of Tree Specimens from Western Ecuador,Caribbean Forester,9(3,pp215-98 Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain Trinidad Marshall, R.C.,1939,Silviculture of the trees of Trinidad and Tobago - British West Indies,O.U.P.,London Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press Record, S.J.,1927,Trees of Honduras,Tropical Woods,10, pp10-47 Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T. Scheffer, T.C., Duncan, C.G.,1947,The Decay Resistance of certain Central American and Ecuadorian Woods,Tropical Woods,12(92, PP1-24 Surinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest Service Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29 Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4 Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1948,Notes on Ecuadorian Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information,35,pp5 Tropical Timber Information Centre,1966,Fichas Tecnologicas - Las Principales Maderas comerciales del,Mundo,Assoc. Invest. Tec. Ind. Bol. Inform. Tec.,4(21,pp25-32 Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. London WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.