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Boring Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Luster Mortising Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning		Scientific Name Rhizophora apiculata Trade Name Asiatic mangrove Family Name Rhizophoraceae Synonyms Rhizophora candelaria, Rhizophora conjugata Common Names Asiatic mangrove, Asiatische mangrove, Asiatisk mangrove, Aziatische mangrove, Bakad, Bakau, Bakau minyak, Bakau miyak, Bakauan, Bakauan-babai, Bakauan-lalaki, Bakhao, Bako, Balbaro, Bangkau, Bangkita, Bangko, Bankao, Bhora, Boise, Buayohon, Goi, Haura, Jangar, Jangkar, Jangtang, Kandal, Kang kang rhi, Karuh, Kawoka, Kaya kandal, Khamo, Kong kang, Krokot, Muntu, Paga-paga, Paletuvier d'Asie, Pang ka bai lak, Pang ka bai lek, Pang ka sai, Pang ka say, Pariccha kandal, Payonapo, Pyu, Rai, Red mangrove, Rizofora de Asia, Rizoforea dell'Asia, Sagasa, Salak-salak, Saro, Tancang, Tanjang, Tongke, Tumu, Tumus, Uakatan, Wapin Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Australia, Brunei, Burma, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu Common Uses Boat building (general), Charcoal, Decks, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Piling, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Tool handles, Vats, Vehicle parts Distribution Overview The species occurs in south and south eastern Africa, especially in Mozambique. Heartwood Color Reddish brown Pale brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Red Purple Sapwood Color White to yellow Different than heartwood Grain Straight Even Figure Distinct (figure) Straight Distinct figure Texture Medium Fine Fine to medium Luster Lustrous Dull Natural Durability Moderately durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Non durable Very durable Resistant to attack from marine borers Drying Defects Moderate surface checking Moderate end spitting Severe surface checking Moderate twist/warp Ease of Drying Difficult Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Boring Easy Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Gluing Moderate gluing properties Mortising Finishes well Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planing Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Ease of planing is moderate Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is resistant Heartwood is highly resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Difficult to machine Sanding Good sanding finish Turning Good results Polishing Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Good results Strength Properties Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Hardness (side grain) = very hard Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Max. crushing strength = very high Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu.ft Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Max. crushing strength = high Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact strength) = high Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 13576 20956 psi Density 56 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2940 lbs Impact Strength 54 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 8692 12028 psi Shearing Strength 2652 psi Stiffness 2496 2907 1000 psi Weight 55 45 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 954 1473 kg/cm2 Density 897 kg/m3 Hardness 1333 kg Impact Strength 137 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 611 845 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 186 kg/cm2 Stiffness 175 204 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 881 721 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % References Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11 Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kingston, R.S.T., Risdon, C.J.E.,1961,Shrinkage and Density of Australian and other South-West Pacific Woods,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No.13 Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210 Ng, F.S.P. (Ed,1989,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 4,Forest Research Institute Malaysia Ministry of Primary Industries Ramesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3 Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Rollet, B.,1972,La vegetation du Cambodge,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.144 pp3-15 Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia